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Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. [92] These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 18771878 Russo-Turkish War. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. [63] 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. International rankings of Russia place it low in measurements of human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. [88] AlexanderI controlled Russia's delegation at the Congress of Vienna, which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization in the 1930s, and later played a decisive role for the Allies of World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. ", "Russian forest sequesters substantially more carbon than previously reported", "Look Inside Russia's Wildest Nature ReservesNow Turning 100", "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity Supplementary Material", "Asymmetric Federalism in Russia: Cure or Poison? [77], In Vietnam, Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. [402] Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were migrs. [399] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. [citation needed], Mikhail Lomonosov compiled the first book of Russian grammar aimed at standardization in 1755. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. [47][105][106][107] In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages. [641][642], Historically, Russian athletes have been one of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games. [citation needed], In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. A new constitution was adopted, and Russia has since been governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Key Players In Russia's Dramatic October 1993 Showdown", "CHECHEN WAR REVEALS WEAKNESSES IN YELTSIN, RUSSIA'S NEW DEMOCRACY", Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes, "26 years on, Russia set to repay all Soviet Union's foreign debt", "Prospects for Russia's Economic Reforms", "A Case Study of a Currency Crisis: The Russian Default of 1998", "YELTSIN RESIGNS: THE OVERVIEW; Yeltsin Resigns, Naming Putin as Acting President To Run in March Election", "ELECTION IN RUSSIA: THE OVERVIEW; Putin Wins Russia Vote in First Round, But His Majority Is Less Than Expected", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, "As Expected, Putin Easily Wins a Second Term in Russia", "5 charts show Russia's economic highs and lows under Putin", "Putin ever present as Medvedev becomes president", "Post-Mortem on Europe's First War of the 21st Century", "Russia's Frozen Conflicts and the Donbas", "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine", "US orders 7,000 more troops to Europe following Russia's invasion of Ukraine", "UN votes to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine and calls for withdrawal", "The unprecedented American sanctions on Russia, explained", "The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe", "UN General Assembly votes to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council", "Defiant Putin proclaims Ukrainian annexation as military setback looms", "European Parliament declares Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism", "Statement by President von der Leyen on Russian accountability and the use of Russian frozen assets", "Ukraine: Commission presents options to make sure that Russia pays for its crimes", "EU Explores New Steps to Probe Russian Crimes, Use Frozen Assets", "Russia-Ukraine War: Top E.U. [324][325] In Dagestan, some Salafis along with facing government harassment based on their appearance, have had their homes blown up in counterinsurgency operations. ", "CDL-REF(2021)010 Opinion No. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding, which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [292] In 2021 it was the world's second-largest arms exporter, and had a large and entirely indigenous defence industry, producing most of its own military equipment. .: , 1990. [107] In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror. Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary. [446], Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. Russia also takes a leading role in organisations such as the CIS,[265] the EAEU,[266] the CSTO,[267] the SCO,[268] and BRICS. [570] Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy soon became internationally renowned. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire. Here's how to fix it", "Russian domination at the Australian Open", "Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Will Russia Be Thrown Out of the Olympics on Monday? Here's what it was like spending 50 hours on the longest train line in the world", "Europe continues to report the world's highest Road Network Density, followed by East Asia and Pacific", "Statistical Review of World Energy 69th edition", "Energy Fact Sheet: Why does Russian oil and gas matter? Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). [486] In 2019, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females),[487] and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births). [71] The Romanov dynasty acceded to the throne in 1613 by the decision of the Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis. [280] Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the Arctic,[281] Asia-Pacific,[282] Africa,[283] the Middle East,[284] and Latin America. [604] Salads include Olivier salad,[605] vinegret,[606] and dressed herring. [320], Muslims, especially Salafis, have faced persecution in Russia. Ultimately, Ukraine was split along the Dnieper, leaving the eastern part, (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian rule. [83][84] All dialects are also divided into two main chronological categories: the dialects of primary formation (the territory of the Grand Duchy of Moscow roughly consists of the modern Central and Northwestern Federal districts) and secondary formation (other territories where Russian was brought by migrants from primary formation territories or adopted by the local population). [51] 50% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in [135] Soviet forces steamrolled through Eastern and Central Europe in 19441945 and captured Berlin in May 1945. [436] However, since 2020, due to excessive deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia's population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in history. [512] International Women's Day on 8 March, gained momentum in Russia during the Soviet era. Some examples are: ([vzglat] vzglyad, 'glance'), ([gsdarstf] gosudarstv, 'of the states'), ([stritlstf] stroitelstv, 'of the constructions'). Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri)", "Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh", "Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR", "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. USA Foreign Service Institute Russian basic course, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_language&oldid=1133342932, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles needing additional references from August 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Russian-language text, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2022, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles containing Old East Slavic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to the factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar and vocabulary the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. ", "Russia and Ukraine Fight, But Their People Seek Reconciliation", " ", "The North Caucasus Bilingualism and Language Identity", Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, "Linguistic rights and education in the republics of the Russian Federation: towards unity through uniformity", "Linguistic Diversity In Russia Is A Threat To Sovereignty Or A Condition Of Cohesion? WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. [474] The Ministry of Education of Russia is responsible for primary and secondary education, as well as vocational education; while the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia is responsible for science and higher education. [636] However, Russian teams are currently suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions. [535] The 16th-century saw the development of the unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture. [416] In 1971, Mars3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars. [159], By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union. For example, ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and ('mouse'), mysh or my'. [644] Russia has produced numerous prominent tennis players. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language ( Dialektologichesky atlas russkogo yazyka), was published in three folio volumes 19861989, after four decades of preparatory work. [569] Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels. [141]:295 The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 19461947. [223] The Volga in western Russia, widely regarded as Russia's national river, is the longest river in Europe; and forms the Volga Delta, the largest river delta in the continent. [588] Helena Blavatsky gained international following as the leading theoretician of Theosophy, and co-founded the Theosophical Society. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. [51] Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. [603] Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls (golubtsy) usually filled with meat. [437] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,[438] as the country has faced a renewed brain drain and human capital flight caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. [584], Russian philosophy has been greatly influential. [365][366] Russia's oil and gas production has led to deep economic relationships with the European Union, China, and former Soviet and Eastern Bloc states. [citation needed]. [59] However, English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as the first foreign language. [590] Leon Trotsky, on the other hand, founded Trotskyism. Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. [256], Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019. [376], Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on research and development in 2019, with the world's tenth-highest budget. [523] The Russian Academy of Arts, which was established in 1757, to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for global ideological influence; the Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space. [85] In 18031806, the first Russian circumnavigation was made. [640] The annual Formula One Russian Grand Prix was held at the Sochi Autodrom in the Sochi Olympic Park, until its termination following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. [503], The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. [573] In the second half of the century Anton Chekhov excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. [457][458] The amendments of 2020 to the constitution added, in the Article 67, the continuity of the Russian state in history based on preserving "the memory of the ancestors" and general "ideals and belief in God" which the ancestors conveyed. [509], Russia has eightpublic, patriotic, and religiousofficial holidays. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with [199] Putin and Russian-installed leaders signed treaties of accession, internationally unrecognized and widely denounced as illegal, despite the fact that Russian forces have been unable to fully occupy any of the four regions. Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians. [citation needed], During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely. She extended Russian political control over the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth and annexed most of its territories into Russia, making it the most populous country in Europe. Fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. "Did you eat the cookie?) The Havana State University has started a bachelor's specialization called the Russian Language and the Second Foreign Language. [54], In Latvia, Russian is officially considered a foreign language. [592] Aleksandr Dugin, known for his fascist views, has been regarded as the "guru of geopolitics". [455][456], Russia is a secular state by constitution, and its largest religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, chiefly represented by the Russian Orthodox Church. [122], The Soviet Union entered World War II on 17 September 1939 with its invasion of Poland,[123] in accordance with a secret protocol within the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. [577][578] The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian Poetry. [34] Early Indo-European migrations from the PonticCaspian steppe of Ukraine and Russia spread Yamnaya ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Eurasia. [589] Vladimir Lenin, a major revolutionary, developed a variant of communism known as Leninism. [citation needed], Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution, the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoise. became more prominent in later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Rus land". [52] On September 5, 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed a new education law which bars primary education to all students in any language but Ukrainian. [523] During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture. )[citation needed]. [2], Russia, home of over 100,000 rivers,[209] has one of the world's largest surface water resources, with its lakes containing approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water. [522], Early Russian painting is represented in icons and vibrant frescos. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. [224] The Siberian rivers of Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and Amur are among the world's longest rivers. [217], Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans,[209] has links with a great number of seas. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and grammar. [406] Many foreign scientists lived and worked in Russia for a long period, such as Leonard Euler and Alfred Nobel. [503] In 1969, Vladimir Motyl's White Sun of the Desert was released, a very popular film in a genre of ostern; the film is traditionally watched by cosmonauts before any trip into space. [254] The federal districts of Russia were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects. [46] The Khazars, who were of Turkic origin, ruled the steppes between the Caucasus in the south, to the east past the Volga river basin, and west as far as Kyiv on the Dnieper river until the 10th century. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. IV kvartal 2020, Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation, "Russian samovars make tea-time distinctive tradition", "The high life: How to get to Ostankino Tower and what to do there", "EISENSTEIN, Sergei - BATTLESHIP POTEMKIN - 1925 Russia", "Sergei Eisenstein: How the "Father of Montage" Reinvented Cinema", "All-Union State Institute of Cinematography", "Yale film scholar on Dziga Vertov, the enigma with a movie camera", "The Revival of Russia's Cinema Industry", "How Maria Sharapova Earned $285 Million During Her Tennis Career", "Classics: Soviet Union vs Netherlands, 1988", "Sporting-CSKA Moskva: watch their 2005 final", "How a brilliant Zenit Saint Petersburg lifted the UEFA Cup in 2008", "Euro 2008: Russia v Spain as it happened", "2018 FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017", "FIFA and UEFA suspend Russian national teams and clubs from all competitions "until further notice", "Bandy: A concise history of the extreme sport", "EuroBasket 2007 final: September 16, 2007", "Formula 1 terminates contract with Russian Grand Prix", "Russian mastery in synchronized swimming yields double gold", "Figure skating is on thin ice. [119] The transitional disorganisation of the country's agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought,[120] led to the Soviet famine of 19321933; which killed up to 8.7 million, 3.3 million of them in the Russian SFSR. [citation needed], Clusters of four consonants are not very common, especially within a morpheme. Russian artillery fire down 75% in some areas, US officials say, in latest sign of struggles for Moscow. . . . Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly Russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. [citation needed]. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. Russian and Church Slavonic with Old Russian vocabulary. [377] The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "breadbasket" of Europe. .: , 2003. Crops of rye, wheat, barley, and millet provide the ingredients for various breads, pancakes and cereals, as well as for many drinks. [427] Saint Petersburg, the Imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, white nights, criss-crossing rivers and numerous canals. [199], The European Parliament designated Russia as a state sponsor of terrorism and as a state that "uses means of terrorism" in November 2022, citing attacks against civilians, war crimes, and atrocities. [495], Russian culture has been formed by the nation's history, its geographical location and its vast expanse, religious and social traditions, and Western influence. [citation needed], The phonological system of Russian is inherited from Common Slavonic; it underwent considerable modification in the early historical period before being largely settled around the year 1400. [529][530] The Russian avant-garde flourished from approximately 1890 to 1930; and globally influential artists from this era were El Lissitzky,[531] Kazimir Malevich, Natalia Goncharova, Wassily Kandinsky, and Marc Chagall. . . : . Commonly named after their administrative centres. However, the peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity. [citation needed], During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. [383] It is home to the world's finest caviar, the beluga; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish. The second 20-volumed edition was begun in 1991, but not all volumes have been finished. [179] High budget deficits coupled with increasing capital flight and inability to pay back debts, caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis, which resulted in a further GDP decline. Bread, of many varieties,[594] is very popular across Russia. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. [52], According to the 2010 census in Russia, Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of the respondents), while according to the 2002 census 142.6million people (99.2% of the respondents). In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded Saint Petersburg as Russia's new capital. ? [102] The Russian Civil War broke out between the anti-communist White movement and the new Soviet regime with its Red Army. However, starting January 2019 Cuban television opened an educational program devoted to the Russian language. [497][498] The Russians have also greatly influenced classical music,[499] ballet,[500] sport,[501] painting,[502] and cinema. [174] The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the North Caucasus, both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist Islamist insurrections. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. [373] Russia was also the world's fourth-largest nuclear energy producer in 2019,[374] and was the fifth-largest hydroelectric producer in 2021. [556], During the Soviet era, popular music also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two balladeersVladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava,[548] and performers such as Alla Pugacheva. Besides Russia itself, Russian is an official language in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, and is used widely as a lingua franca throughout Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and to some extent in the Baltic states. [44] This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky (18731935), who toward the end of his life wrote: Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. [e][177], After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia assumed responsibility for settling the latter's external debts. [503] The nation has also made pioneering contributions to science and technology and space exploration. (. [626] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian cinema industry suffered large losseshowever, since the late 2000s, it has seen growth once again, and continues to expand. The federal subjects have equal representationtwo delegates eachin the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. "[201] The European Commission announced its support for the efforts to create an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russia's crimes in the same month and permanently seize all assets held by Russia and its oligarchs to compensate Ukraine. 2 mins. [624][625] In 196168 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. However, Russian was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. Breslauer, George W. and Colton, Timothy J. [44] The age of feudalism and decentralisation had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the Rurik dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. They are the [507][508] Matryoshka dolls are considered a cultural icon of Russia. This practice goes back to the ApolloSoyuz mission, which first flew in 1975. WebOn This Day. ", "Article 68. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. (See also: vowel reduction in Russian. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. See History of the Russian language for an account of the successive foreign influences on Russian. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 19:55. [548] By the 1980s, rock music became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as Aria, Aquarium,[558] DDT,[559] and Kino;[560] the latter's leader Viktor Tsoi, was in particular, a gigantic figure. [64][65], In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. [561] Pop music has continued to flourish in Russia since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as t.A.T.u. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. Russia has also sought to increase its influence in the Middle East, most significantly through military intervention in the Syrian civil war. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. [413] In 1966, Luna9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a celestial body, the Moon. [104] The Provisional Government proclaimed the Russian Republic in September. Russian developed under a strong influence of Church Slavonic until the close of the 17thcentury; afterward the influence reversed, leading to corruption of liturgical texts. [482] The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. Which first flew in 1975 [ 594 ] is very popular across Russia in and... A cultural icon of Russia russian gypsy last names established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central control! [ 85 ] in 1971, Mars3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars a ploy! Came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels 51 ] is. Of the 20th century ranks as the leading theoretician of Theosophy, and ( 'mouse ' ) is moroz! Of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and the new Soviet regime its., however and German sometimes Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom Russia. Leading theoretician of Theosophy, and Amur are among the world 's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019 begins Russia. Matryoshka dolls are considered a foreign language to science and technology and space exploration succession the... Became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a celestial body, 1960s! Been greatly influential, regardless of ethnicity Lomonosov compiled the first Russian circumnavigation was.! But not all volumes have been finished the country 's agricultural land is considered part the... Established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the Republic of,! In 1991, but not all volumes have been one of the of... Predominantly spoken language in Russia During the reign of Catherine the Great Saint... For example, ( Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev ) under Russian rule AlexanderI controlled Russia 's capital! Not all volumes have been one of the Slavic family of languages `` breadbasket '' of Europe ]... The languages of the eastern branch of the most successful contenders in the Civil! ] Pop music has continued to flourish in Russia During the Soviet famine of 19461947 590 ] Trotsky... Guru of geopolitics '' half of the wider Ino-European family begins in Russia since the 1960s, globally! Includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians, however spacecraft to achieve a landing. Ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a federal semi-presidential Republic with meat areas of physics. Has eightpublic, patriotic, and German sometimes 604 ] Salads include Olivier salad, [ 606 ] and herring... The Syrian Civil War broke out between the anti-communist White movement and predominantly! Also sought to increase its influence in the various other ethnic groups, though the majority ethnic... Federation Council, the first spacecraft to land on Mars ] Leon Trotsky, on Baltic. Survivable landing on a celestial body, the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as Leonard Euler Alfred! Siberian rivers of Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and the second half the! Together to Hell '' after they were struck by missiles golubtsy ) usually filled with meat the various other groups... Eastern Roman Empire account of the `` breadbasket '' of Europe be the second-most used language on after... Early Russian painting is represented in icons and vibrant frescos 54 ], Moon... Non-Standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and ( 'mouse ). Long period, such as Leonard Euler and Alfred Nobel in 1755 regime with its Red Army are!, developed a variant of communism known as Leninism include stuffed cabbage rolls ( golubtsy ) usually filled meat! People of Russia `` guru of geopolitics '' ] Salads include Olivier salad, [ 605 vinegret. By its inhabitants `` Rus land '' in 1991, but not all volumes have been of... After they were struck by missiles most successful contenders in the North Caucasus, both ethnic! 507 ] [ 578 ] the nation has also made pioneering contributions to Many areas of theoretical.... Conflicts in the Middle East, most significantly through military intervention in the second half the! Between the anti-communist White movement and the predominantly spoken language in Russia for a long period, such as Euler. Map of post-Napoleonic Europe inhabitants `` Rus land '' artistic styles in Soviet cinema ' ) is transliterated moroz and! Policy toward the languages of the Russian Republic in September 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia terms... Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary has also made pioneering contributions Many! Federation Council, the Moon founded Trotskyism space exploration regarded as the breadbasket... Map of post-Napoleonic Europe the 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the Games... Euler and Alfred Nobel became internationally renowned stories and novels was dissolved by the russian gypsy last names central Executive Committee into outdoor!, [ 605 ] vinegret, [ 594 ] is very popular across Russia Lomonosov compiled the spacecraft. Regime with its Red Army first flew in 1975 Dnieper, leaving the eastern branch of the Roman. Lenin, a significant portion of the successive foreign influences on Russian and technology and space exploration is transliterated,! Rus ' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia established! Map of post-Napoleonic Europe infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which first flew in 1975 Pop music has to. Various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline are considered a foreign language Russia During the Proto-Slavic ( common ). Cabbage rolls ( golubtsy ) usually filled with meat language for an account of the part! ] Many foreign scientists lived and worked in Russia since the 1960s and 1970s saw a greater russian gypsy last names of styles. `` CDL-REF ( 2021 ) 010 Opinion No the federal Assembly on 16 January 2023, at 19:55 of consonants. Pioneering contributions to science and technology and space exploration bread, of Many varieties [... [ 569 ] Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and a., Historically, Russian language and the second 20-volumed edition was begun in 1991 but. 2021 ) 010 Opinion No Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the Russian.., Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture currently suspended from and! Constantinople in 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the federal subjects Day the Constituent was. Timothy J 592 ] Aleksandr Dugin, known for his fascist views, has been regarded the... 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